A Pontes a Pécsi Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kar Történettudományi Intézetének évkönyve. A kiadvány elsősorban az Intézet oktatóinak, hallgatóinak (PhD, MA) és kutatóinak magyar nyelvű, idegen nyelvű rezümével ellátott tanulmányait jelenteti meg. E mellett bemutatja az Intézethez kapcsolódó aktuális kutatásokat, projekteket. A kiadvány az Intézet egészét megjelenítő, tematikus számokkal, az intézeti tanszékekhez kapcsolódó korszakos kötetekkel is jelentkezik. A kiadvány nyitott a szakma egésze felé, szívesen fogad tanulmányokat külsős szerzőktől is.
University of Pécs, Faculty of Humanities, Institute of History (Hungary)
The allegorical presentation of one’s own country as an antemurale Christianitatis (“forewall of Christianity”) is a European phenomenon which can be found everywhere where Latin Christianity borders, or has bordered, other cultural regions, such as for instance Islamic or Orthodox ones. In Hungary, Poland and Croatia in particular, but also in the Mediterranean area, on the Iberian peninsula and in the Baltic states, concepts were developed from the Middle Ages onwards, which stylized these countries and societies as “forewalls/bulwarks of Christianity” – later secularized as “forewalls/bulwarks of Europe”. The emergence of this notion of frontier identities and their accompanying ideology was closely connected to the political and religious situation of the time. The presumed existence of an antemurale implies the existence of a murus, and of an area protected by it. This was believed to be inhabited by members of the Christian community. This western Respublica Christiana – subordinated to the secular power of the Emperor and the spiritual power of the Pope – bordered on heathen, Muslim and schismatic countries to the East. In order to gain a better understanding of the background of the bulwark topoi mentioned above and the accompanying discourses concerning the Western fear of the East in particular, it is essential to consider the ideological basis for these ideas, which were built upon frontier identities, alterity and alienity constructions, as well as on relations between the centre and the periphery.
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Kelet-európai menekültek a 11–13. századi Magyarországon
Contrary to the general belief about the Middle Ages, mobility within one’s country was part of everyday life. Fleeing from an attack from outside the border or a dynastic conflict was not a rare phenomenon either. Dynastic conflicts spurred the losing party to attempt to regain its former position. Fleeing was also accompanied by a request for help, which they could hope for from relatives or neighboring dynasties. Narrative sources of the time, which were created in connection with the ruler’s court, usually give news about such cases. We know much less about the refugees outside the dynasty. We obtain information about the elite of society, those who played a role in the affairs of the dynasty, in the secondary threads of the dynastic story. In the lower strata of society the protection of their lives and property led to fleeing. Compared to the events of the war, we hardly have any documentation on this. The survival of a small number of cases reported is accidental.
The paper analyses the last wills of the Croatian residents of Pécs, written in Croatian language, from the eighteenth century. These, to date unpublished, documents are kept in the Baranya County Archives of the Hungarian National Archives in Pécs. The analysis includes three segments: testators, inheritors and inheritance. The author describes the characteristics of testators, as well as the motives for making the will, their choice of heirs, and, in case their right of inheritance was contested, the reasons for disinheritance aft er the testator’s death. Finally, the author presents the categories of inheritance, including the movables, real estate, money and debts.
Az ifjúság előtérbe kerülése a magyarországi németek csoportképző folyamatában
German identity management in Hungary, which intended to make compromises in the 1920s, was not particularly successful. In the school question, in access to youth, and in relations with the churches and the youth organisation ‘Levente’, progress was modest at best. Th us, by the second half of the 1920s, it had become clear that the youth had to be given priority in the group formation of Germans in Hungary, to make it more dynamic. But the youth did not show much inclination for emancipation in their socio-economic milieu, and the conditions for their mobilisation and at the same time their politicisation were unfavourable. A double emancipation was needed: emancipation in the social sense, as youth, and emancipation in the ethnic sense, as German youth. Since independent initiatives were only evident among the university age group, emancipation of teenagers had to be promoted from outside. Th is process was fi nally able to unfold in the early 1930s.
Josip Broz Tito started as a notorious Stalinist and ended up becoming an opponent of Joseph Stalin. In this respect, the ideological confusion in Yugoslavia during 1948–1949 is significant. The thorough investigations conducted by Security services and Prosecution over the so called 'anti-Tito refugees`' also included Romania, as well as the communist countries bordering Yugoslavia: Albania, Bulgaria and Hungary. The refugees were sent to special colonies, made far from the common border in places where they were offered a job, the chance to resume their education, as well as civic and cultural integration etc. Of course, their supervision in the field went on uninterruptedly. A special concern during the Securitate questioning of Serbian deserters in Romania was to collect detailed information about Yugoslavia. The image created was necessary both in order to identify their country’s weaknesses, the degree to which the Yugoslav population adhered Tito’s politics and to know the defence capacities of the `ideological enemy`. Furthermore, the fact that opponents were asked to write and to tell without interruptions suggests that Securitate wanted fi rst-hand knowledge of what it was like ‘on the other side’. Information stating that `Titoist Yugoslavia` sanctioned listening to Radio Moscow, Radio Bucharest, Radio Budapest but allowed listening to Radio Free Europe, Voice of America and BBC, that cinemas run especially Hollywood movies followed by Italian and French ones, that bookshops removed the works of Stalin and his acolytes certainly stirred – besides serious migraines – the increasing curiosity of the Romanian Securitate staff.
A kisebbségi emlékezet változásai a 20. századi Magyarországon a német kisebbség emlékműveinek példáján
The study examines the culture of remembrance and memory of the German minority in Hungary in the light of the memorials of two selected events — the First World War and the deportation to Soviet forced labour in 1944/1945. In both cases, the focus is on historical experiences that were not exclusively limited to members of the German minority. Therefore, the main question is, whether and if yes, how the memorials refl ect the participation of the minority in the events, whether and if yes, how they have developed representations and narratives that differ from those of the Hungarian majority. According to my hypothesis, while the commemoration of the First World War still largely aligned the memorial traces of the German minority with the majority society, the deprivation of their rights and the expulsion of 1945 caused a rupture between minority and majority that could no longer be left without refl ection on the level of communal memory. Therefore from this time the German minority developed its own narrative of the past, which is also reflected by the memorials.
A magyar királynék hatalma az anyagi kultúra tükrében – jegyzetek egy könyv margójára
The defi nition of queenship and queens’ power is a rather complex task, since it cannot be sharply separated from the interpretation and essence of royal power. The question of its characteristics is a serious challenge, since there are relatively few and rather heterogeneous sources and records available from the period in question, from 11th-14th century Hungary. From this perspective, this paper examines, in the context of a recently published book, how the study of material culture can help to defi ne queens’ power.
Az Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia és Nagy-Britannia kapcsolatai a kiegyezést követő időben (1867–1871), Lutter János és Virgil Mühlbacher pécsi irathagyatéka alapján
In the politically turbulent period of the late 1860s, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire was emerging from a Prussian-Austrian war, Foreign Policy Decision-makers of the state were desperate for allies. Between 1867 and 1871, the Monarchy was exhausted militarily, economically, and socially, and seemed incapable of exercising modest power display, as it was just beginning to rebuild aft er the defeat at Sadowa. Almost as a matter of course at this time, the Monarchy was looking for an alliance with another empire, and Britain happened to look for a continental partner. The island nation was initially rather disinterested in the affairs of the continent, as the English liberal political elite had to deal with issues such as the Irish question, the American Civil War and the extension of voting rights in 1867. Nonetheless, the renewed Austro-Hungarian state attracted attention as Austria’s transformation created a new situation in Europe. On a personal level, the relations between the two states included the subordinates of the Austrian Chancellor and Foreign Minister Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust: the Hungarian-born Count Rudolf Apponyi (II), who represented Austria-Hungary as ambassador in London until his dismissal in 1871, and the later Foreign Minister, Count Gusztáv Kálnoky. The foreign policy-related archival material of the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (HHStA) of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and the foreign relations of the second half of the century were the subject of many national and foreign authors. Between 1926 and 1930, Virgil Mühlbacher researched the Austro–Hungarian archive documents of the period between 1867 and 1871, and prepared extracts for János Lutter, who published regularly between the two world wars. These documents are currently housed in the Historical Collections Department of the University of Pécs (PTE-TGYO). Also, the authors may have be planning to publish a major work. In addition to the extracts, the boxes contain copies of documents from the HHStA. Conclusively, there is no comprehensive work available on the chancellorship of Beust, in the period between 1867 and 1871 currently. However the documents left behind by Mühlbacher, which are the subject of the present study, could have filled this gap in the history of Hungarian foreign policy. A further interesting feature of the documents is that Mühlbacher’s notes on the documents from the London embassy are more detailed, than his copies of the documents from the Berlin, Belgrade and Paris embassies. It is also worth noting that some of the documents are presumably only available in Pécs, and are not available in their original location in Vienna.
„Alig szabadultam ki a szerbek fogságából, már le kellett mennem a szerbek közé, de mégis lementem, mert lelkiismeretem nyugodt volt.”
The reminiscence published in this study originates from Janos Ete, who played a major role in the local public administration of Baranya County during the First World War and the subsequent Serbian occupation (1918–1921). One can well reconstruct the Hungarian public administration’s operation in the area, and how life became increasingly hopeless during the war through Ete’s remembrance. János Ete did not hide his worldview, neither his opinion about the Serbian occupiers. The occupiers considered him as a dangerous person to their aspirations, for which they interned him to Valjevo, in western Serbia. In his reminiscence, he recorded the narrative of the internment in detail. Outside of the war conditions, the story of the individuals interned from Mohács to Valjevo can be explored with the guidance of this document, which topic – the internment of Valjevo – constitutes a signifi cant part of my previous research. János Ete could write the undermentioned reminiscence during the final section of his life, throughout the 1960s, when he predominantly conducted local historical and ethnographical research in Mohács and the surrounding area. The document can be found in the Local Historical Database of the Kanizsai Dorottya Museum in Mohács.
Római villagazdaságok fürdői a Közép-Duna-vidéki tartományokban
Marcali zsidók: Egyén és a közösség szerepe a magyar–zsidó történelemben
Bonyhád 19. század második feléből származó forrásainak összekapcsolása és komplex elemzése a történeti demográfi a módszereivel
Egyetemi kurzusok a történelmi korszakok tanításáról az általános és a középiskolában – a történelemdidaktika szemszögéből
The article makes suggestions for the university courses ‘Th e teaching of Ancient / Medieval and Early Modern / Modern / Contemporary History in primary and secondary schools’ from the perspective of the didactics of history. The first part of the study presents the problems and the methods of content selection. This activity is largely absent from the Hungarian teachers’ practice, which closely follows the content of textbooks. The second part focuses on the importance of prior knowledge in the teaching of history and shows how it can be incorporated into classroom practice. The third part proposes activities related to the sources used in history teaching, with an emphasis on audiovisual media, which have a great appeal for young people today.
Interjú Prof. Dr. Grüll Tiborral iskolaévekről, katonaságról, fontos tanáregyéniségekről és az ókori örökségről, valamint arról, hogy melyik ókori szerzővel borozna legszívesebben
A Mongol Birodalom és Európa a 13. században
Egyházi középréteg, történetírás és szerzetesi élet
Pápai igazságszolgáltatás az Árpád-kori Magyarországon
Magyar–cseh–német kapcsolatok az érett középkor alkonyán
„Jelen kötet nem a felsőbüki Nagy család története”, avagy a 18. századi magyar rendiség története egy köznemesi család felemelkedésén keresztül